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The written form of a sound is called a letter. The number of Arabic alphabets is twenty-eight. In the beginning, the order of these letters was phonetic and not phonetic. With the passage of time, for the convenience of students, the experts put together similar letters in one place and presented a new order. The arrangement is still prevalent in Arabic, Persian and other languages, where the Arabic script has been adopted. An important controversial and debatable issue in Urdu script is its number of alphabets. This uncertain and confused situation creates difficulty for a learner. The alphabet is the foundation for learning a language. Urdu alphabets are no longer in an indefinite or unorganized condition. So, at present consensus about the definite number of alphabets is the need of the hour. Addition to number of letters or changing their order is an impediment in the development of the language. The second issue is the method of spelling. In addition to spelling, another problem is the letters’ articulation manner. In our society, Urdu Primer and Quran reading starts side by side. Ba, Ta, Sa are taught in the mosque while Bay, Pay, Te, Se is taught in the school. This double method of articulation causes great trouble and confusion to an innocent mind. While in the phonetic teaching method, Sound length of Urdu letters as Aa, Ba, Ta, Sa, Ja, Cha, Da, Dha etc. is different from the previous. This is a very important and fundamental problem that demands the attention of linguists and pedagogues. The essay elaborates the mentioned issues categorically and opens new vistas.

Abstract: Literature has been a lucid description of the society. It encompasses all the aspects of life as it is directly associated with behaviours, doings, feelings and responses of social beings. Since the day one, the man has reached the stages of an evolved man; the literature has been serving him. It is the part and parcel of human life. It solves the issues of individual and the society. The ultra-sensitive and extra-vigilant approach of writers has been unveiling the hidden facts of life. It has told the untold and showed the invisible. It has been doing and will be doing this all irrespective of limits of time, geography and religion.

Man for his personal benefit or comfort, started living with fellow beings. He formatted society and set up certain societal norms to regulate and discipline his life. With the evolution of human society, the debate commenced on these societal norms and values which were either comic or relative in their nature and form. This debate also raised question, who creates these values and for what personal gains. Surely, such a class or community might have preferred their personal interest before forming these societal values. The debate also envisioned that these societal norms and values could safeguard the liberty of human beings and at the same time could assail the rights of the people. Literature, one of the indices of human nomenclature, always advocates high social norms and values. It represents progressive societal deals. It also negates biased thoughts and values existing in the form of color, caste and creed. This article reviews societal norms and morals in the line with ‘Urdu novel’.

Translating fiction from one language to other is a difficult process. It becomes more taxing to read and understand some substandard translations. In this article it has been analyzed that why one confronts the difficulty to understand the novel truly after translation, how meanings are transformed with slightest changing in the words and in which way seasoned translators skillfully convert the creative essence of original language in their own language. In the end some suggestion are made for improvements in Urdu translations.

It is very important to write the language correctly and bring it to a standard. Irregularities in spelling can lead to many issues. When the student and the reader see many spellings of a word, they become confused about the correctness of the spelling and gradually the wrong spelling becomes common practice. Textbooks are the first medium in the learning process. Therefore, it is necessary to write textbooks keeping in view the spelling rules and the prevailing principles with special care for the accuracy of spelling. So that the issues of spelling can be overcome. Textbooks work as a teacher on how to write a word. Textbooks are the first medium in the learning process. Therefore, it is important to write textbooks keeping in mind the rules of spellings and the prevailing principles, so that, the issues of spelling can be overcome. The article under review deals with the issues of spelling in Urdu textbooks which have been recommended by linguists in order to establish uniformity in spelling, but these recommendations have not yet been fully implemented.

Man became centre of the universe and philosophy when the term philanthropy and humanism came into existence in the Renaissance. Writers and poets showed reflections of man from different angles in their creations that literature is the commentator/ interpreter of life. Influenced by French and Russian Literature. Urdu fiction writers have presented the mixture of reality, imagination and concept of man through gender and nature's reference. The inner depths of man reveal the secrets of instincts and human passions by nature's blind caves and gender's deep abyss. In this research article two great fiction writers of Urdu language i.e. Saadat Hassan Manto and Rajinder Singh Badi's concept of man has been clarified through comparison of myths

Rashid amjad is the most significant figure in urdu prose. He is a multi dimential personality i.e critic, scholar, teacher, editor, etc but his most powerful aspect of personality is short story writer. He experienced the subcontinent division and is eye witness of crash of civilization. He has a great sense of civilization which he used in his stories. Though this layer is between the lines but is a real fact that civiliation discussed in its ture spirit. This article is an effort to explore that sense of civilization.

Muhammad Saleem -ur- Rehman`s poetry has its own unique identity in modern Urdu poetry in terms of themes, structure and diction. Muhammad Saleem-ur- Rehman has described his experiences of society and subjectivity so subtly that these poems embody historical, conscious and universal truths as well as cultural, political, spiritual and literary values in themselves. His command on Arabic, Persian, English, Spanish, Germen and other European languages and extensive study reflect themselves in his peculiar literary style and supreme literary taste. The mixture of new and old in themes and structure of his poetry has evolved a modern way of expression. The Essayist has done a thematic and structured study of in this article.

Criticisms of Urdu Dastani literature contain a diverse range of critical tendencies and their changing trends as well as new thoughts and ideas. Due to the wisdom and abilities of critics with different tastes and different thinking, the horizon of fictional criticism is not only colorful and beautiful, but it also encompasses universality. It is a mirror of our cultural, historical, religious and social conditions in which all the trends of modern and ancient art of critical theories of literature, linguistics, history, sociology, spirituality, femininity, anthropology, psychology, metaphysics, modernity and philosophy are present.

Allama Muhammad Iqbal's poetry is very important compared to earlier, contemporary and later poetry. One of the reasons for this is that he made naturalism the main theme of his poetry. Iqbal is not only a naturalist poet, but he had also tried to make nature a revealed reality and besides being inspired and dedicated by the beauty of nature, he had taken the task of revealing the facts of life. He considered the beauty of nature as a source of insights related to man and humanity. Thus, according to Iqbal, the phenomena of nature has become the manifestations of different realities and insights. The article under review is the description of this summary.